The
Apertium Project works on open-source machine translation and language technology. We try to focus our efforts on lesser-resourced and marginalized languages, but also work with larger languages. To date, we have released translators for 21 language pairs, covering languages spoken by 1.1 billion people, ranging from English (est. 500m speakers) to Aranese (est. 4,000 speakers). A similar number of additional language pairs are in development. The Apertium software is licensed under the GPL, but in addition (a rarer situation in the machine translation field) so is the
data for all these language pairs. This means that the data can be re-used by other language projects (e.g. in developing spelling or grammar checkers, thesauri, etc).
This was our first year in Google Summer of Code and we were very fortunate to receive nine student slots. We filled them with some great students and are pleased to report that out of the nine projects, eight were successful.
The completed project were:
A translator for Norwegian Bokmål (nb) and Norwegian Nynorsk (nn)This project was accepted as part of our "adopt a language pair" idea from our ideas page. Some work had already been done on the translator but it was a long way from finished.
Kevin Unhammer from the University of Bergen was mentored by
Trond Trosterud from the University of Tromsø. The final result, after an epic effort, is a working translator (and the first free software translator for nb-nn) that makes a mistake in only 11 words out of every 100 translated, making using the system for post-edition feasible.
One of the key aspects of Kevin's work was the re-use and adaptation of existing open source resources. Much of the bilingual dictionary was statistically inferred from the existing translations in
KDE, using
ReTraTos and
GIZA++ (created by
Franz Och). In addition to this, Kevin used the
Oslo-Bergen Constraint Grammer, contributing fixes not only to that, but to the
VISL CG3 software itself. After the GSoC deadline, Kevin has continued his work, including incorporating some changes from feedback from the
Nynorsk Wikipedia.
A translator for Swedish (sv) to Danish (da)
Another language pair adoption,
Michael Kristensen, who had previously done some work on this translator, was mentored by
Jacob Nordfalk, the author of our English to Esperanto translator. As there are very few free linguistic resources for Swedish and Danish the work was pretty much started from scratch, although we took great advantage of the
Swedish Wiktionary. The translator is only unidirectional, from Swedish to Danish, and it has an error rate of around 20%.
The completion of this translator is something of a triumph for Apertium. Begun back in 2005, the project had been neglected for many years. This was the first translator for the Apertium platform that focused on non-Romance languages.
Multi-engine machine translation (MEMT)Gabriel Synnaeve was mentored by
Francis Tyers to work on a module to improve the quality of machine translation by taking translations from different systems and merging their strengths and discarding their weaknesses. The two systems focused on in the initial prototype are Apertium (rule-based MT) and
Moses (statistical MT) but it can easily be extended to more. The
idea behind the system is that for some languages there is often not one MT system which is better than all others, but some are better at some phrases and some are better at others. Thus, if we can combine the output of two or more systems with different strengths/weaknesses, we can make better translations.
Perhaps the most exciting aspect of the MEMT project is its potential for use as a research platform for future work on hybrid machine translation, by allowing the researcher to focus only on the algorithms they wish to implement. During the project, Gabriel was joined by Francis in person for a 'mini-hackathon', which, despite something of a farcical start involving requests made on IRC for phone calls across Europe on behalf of two people who were in the same city, lead to a greater degree of functionality and modularization in the code.
Highly scalable web service architecture for Apertium
Víctor Manuel Sánchez Cartagena worked with mentor
Juan Antonio Perez-Ortiz on a highly-scalable web service architecture, or, Apertium for
Cloud computing. Initially targeting Amazon's
EC2, as well as standalone servers, the scalable web service allows the use of multiple translation services on multiple physical or virtual servers, scaling to meet the translation demands of users, from a single user-facing service, which implements the
Google Language API.
The core of the system is the translation router, which controls the flow between user and translation server, based on a variety of factors, including the availability of the language pair, the current load on the server, as well as providing a framework to allow these factors to have different priorities on a per-user basis. It also takes into account the cost of each translation request. The project is a complete package; as well as the router, it includes a translation daemon, and convenience scripts to ease the rollout of server instances.
In addition to his work on his project, Víctor is also serving as an organiser for the
FreeRBMT workshop.
Conversion of AnubadokAbu Zaher was mentored by
Kevin Donnelly and
Francis Tyers to convert
Anubadok, an open-source MT system for English to Bengali to work with the Apertium engine. This was an ambitious project and not all of the goals were realised, but we were able to make the first
wide-coverage morphological analyser / generator for Bengali and a substantial amount of lexical transfer, so the project was a great success.
Zaher is also looking at improving the
Ankur spell checker with information from his analyser / generator, so the work done is already being reused; there is also interest in using the data to create a Bengali
stemmer, for more efficient searching/indexing of Bengali texts, and a number of tools which were created to model the various aspects of Bengali inflection will certainly prove useful in other areas of NLP for Bengali.
Apertium going SOAPasquale Minervini's work was motivated by the needs of
Informatici senza Frontiere to have a translation engine that would fit into a Service-Oriented architecture. To this end, Pasquale, mentored by
Jimmy O'Regan, designed an
XML-RPC-based server that efficiently contains the Apertium pipeline, and layered it with
JSON (still under development),
SOAP, and
CORBA services, which, as well as making Apertium more
buzzword compliant, gives a greater range of options to programmers wishing to integrate Apertiums translation services into a wider range of architectures. This is undoubtedly a popular project idea:
Alexa's keywords for Apertium show 'apertium going soa' and 'deadbeef apertium' (deadbeef is Pasquale's IRC nick) in 2nd and 4th place for search keywords leading to Apertium.
Because of the potential overlap between their projects, in the first weeks of their GSoC work, Pasquale and Víctor agreed on the
Google Language API as a standard for their projects to communicate; Pasquale took this agreement one step further by implementing the 'language detection' feature of the API - something previously unavailable in Apertium. In addition to that, Pasquale also contributed memory leak checks against the Apertium platform, as well as other fixes, and has helped another (non-GSoC) student in the goal of porting Apertium to Windows.
Trigram part-of-speech tagging
Zaid Md. Abdul Wahab Sheikh was mentored by
Felipe Sánchez Martínez to improve our
part-of-speech tagging module to use
trigrams instead of
bigrams, as well as implementing changes to the training tools to create data for it.
Apertium was originally designed for closely related languages, but is growing to meet the challenges of translating between more distant languages. One of the unique aspects of Dr. Sanchez's work on Part-of-Speech tagging is the use of target language information which allows an accurate tagger to be trained using much less data than usual, provided that it is trained on bilingual text. Zaid's work builds on Dr. Sanchez's work with first-order
Hidden Markov Models, extending it to second-order HMMs, similarly to
TnT. This enables more accurate translation between more distant languages, using the same methods, so that the rest of the Apertium system can continue to grow.
Java port of lttoolboxRaphaël Laurent worked with
Sergio Ortiz Rojas to port
lttoolbox to Java. lttoolbox is the core component of the Apertium system; as well as providing
morphological analysis and generation, it also provides pattern matching and dictionary lookup to the rest of Apertium, so a Java port is the first step towards a version of Apertium for Java-based devices. Raphaël finished an earlier line-for-line port contributed by Nic Cotrell, first making it work; then making it binary compatible.
As it stands currently, lttoolbox-java can be integrated into other Java-based tools, facilitating the re-use of our software and our
extensive repository of morphological analysers. Tools such as
LanguageTool, the open source proofreading tool, also make extensive use of morphological analysis, but
OmegaT, the open source
CAT tool, could use it for dictionary look-up of inflected words; it could even be used with our own
apertium-morph tool: a plugin for
Lucene that allows linguistically-rich document indexing.
FreeRBMTOn the 2nd and 3rd of November, we held the first
FreeRBMT workshop, which was heavily inspired by the Google Summer of Code program, both as a way for students and mentors to meet in person, and to provide the students with an opportunity to present peer-reviewed papers about the work they completed during the program. The entire proceedings are available from the
University of Alicante; in particular, we would like to highlight the
papers which were successfully presented by the students who took part in GSoC:
Apertium goes SOA: an efficient and scalable service based on the Apertium rule-based machine translation platform; Minervini, Pasquale
Development of a morphological analyser for Bengali; Faridee, Abu Zaher Md.; Tyers, Francis M.
An open-source highly scalable web service architecture for the Apertium machine translation engine; Sánchez-Cartagena, Víctor M.; Pérez-Ortiz, Juan Antonio
Reuse of free resources in machine translation between Nynorsk and Bokmål; Unhammer, Kevin; Trosterud, Trond
A trigram part-of-speech tagger for the Apertium free/open-source machine translation platform; Sheikh, Zaid Md Abdul Wahab; Sánchez-Martínez, Felipe
In addition, the following paper was presented by the mentors of a successful project (Michael, the student, was unfortunately too busy to participate in its writing):
Shallow-transfer rule-based machine translation for Swedish to Danish; Tyers, Francis M.; Nordfalk, Jacob
We would like to thank Google for providing us with the opportunity to participate in the Summer of Code program; in particular,
Leslie,
Cat, and
Ellen, for making it run so smoothly. We would also like to make special mention of two students: Ankitha Rao and Daniel Beck, who, despite being unsuccessful in their applications, continued to work on their proposed projects (an English to Hindi translator, and a module for multi-word units, respectively). Finally, we would like to thank all of the students, mentors, and administrators who contributed their time and skill to Apertium.
By Francis Tyers and Jimmy O'Regan, Summer of Code Mentors for the Apertium Project
